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| ZOOM, April 9th join the class using the same address as earlier | ZOOM , April 9, 11.30, use the same address as earlier | 0 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ZOOM, MAY 14 the / invitation and password | Nina Vlahovic is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting. | 0 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | summary writing | Summarize the article on The history of everyday life in 80-100 words. | 0 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elaboration/discussion | Study the examples the author of the text offers to exemplify the influence of historical events on people`s everyday lives (e.g.WW2 bombing) and the way habits collide unpredictably with history and politics (e.g.a German returning a book to the library)( pp. 128-129 , At the end of the day) and let me know the following: How do you think the current situation related to the outbreak of the virus affects our everyday lives and what might be its implications on the course of history? Historians can focus on the latter and anthropologists on the former. Classics students on either or both. Do it in writing just as you would discuss it in class. (no more than 200 words) | 0 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reading | Read the text on p.172 (`Conquest of Peru`) as a preparation for a more detailed vocabulary analysis - to follow. | 0 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | History of everyday life - key to exercises | Key to exercises: 1. Utility-usefulness Succinct-concise/brief/to the point To Profess-to declare/state Awkwardness-nervousness/uneasiness/anxiety Tedious-boring/dull/dreary/monotonous/tiresome To Encapsulate-to summarize/to capture Mundane-everyday Quotidian-ordinary,dull,routine,humdrum Thick Skin-able to withstand criticism Purview-extent/range of(function,power,competence) To Foreground-to accent/emphasize/stress Trials and Tribulations-test of one s patience or endurance. 2 1.She went throughallthe trials and tribulations of being admitted to law school only to find she couldn’t afford togo.
4. Sometimesstatingthe bleeding obviousis the most difficult thing todo. 5. While most of the jobs they perform are routineand mundane,ourworkersareincreasinglyparticipating in out-of-the-ordinary projects in thearea. 6. Television has become partofour quotidian existence.
8. His lectures were verydryand tedious. 9. He displayedallthe awkwardness ofadolescence. 10. She professed ignorance of the whole affair, though I am not sure I believeher. 11. Keepyourletter succinct and to thepoint. 12. The utility of this substance has been proved in a series oftests. 13. This case isoutside the purview of this particularcourt. 3. 1. The two events were moreorless contemporaneous with only months betweenthem. 2. Althoughitwaswrittentwohundredyearsagoitstillhasa contemporary/ modern feel toit. 3. Old buildings in the city have been demolished and replaced with modern towerblocks. 4. They left theirofficesin pristine condition. 5. It is important to keep up-to-date with the literature in yourfield. 6. That wordisnot in vogue anylonger. 7. Theyspendmostoftheirsummersjet-settingaroundthe fashionable European resorts.
9. Thatradiois out-of-date. 10. Callme old- fashioned, but I like handwrittenletters. 11. History ancient and modern, has taught these people an intense distrust of theirneighbours. 12. Archaic practices such as these are often put forward by people of limitedoutlook. 4 To be subject to (criticism). In/FOR want of something. To a certain extent. To be struck by something To do something out of social habit To collide with something 5. To stir-attention To Spark-interest Spirited-debate Sketch-contour Benevolent-bemusement Civic/Dereliction Of-duty Buried-meaning Pristine-condition Cast Iron- excuse | 0 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | The Conquest of Peru | Read the rest of the text and do exercises I-VIThe key will be available as of April 8th Conquest of PeruThefollowingselectionistakenfromtheworkofthenineteenth-century American historian, William H. Prescott. The first part describes the Inca ruler, Atahuallpa, and his followers, and the second tells the story of how Pizarro treacherously captured theruler. It was not long before sunset when the van of the royal procession entered the gates of the city. First came some hundreds of the menials, employedtoclearthepathofeveryobstacle,andsingingsongsoftriumph as they came, “which in our ears”, says one of the Conquerors, “sounded like the songs of hell”. Then followed other bodies of different ranks, and dressed in different liveries. Some wore a showy stuff, checkered white and red, like the squares of a chess board. Others were clad in pure white, bearing hammers or maces of silver or copper; and the guards, together with those in immediate attendance on the prince, were distinguishedbyarichazurelivery,andaprofusionofgayornaments –while the large pendants attached to the ears indicated the Peruvian noble. Elevated high above his vassals came the Inca Atahuallpa, borne on a sedan or open litter, on which was a sort of throne made of massive gold of inestimable value. The palanquin was lined with the richly-coloured plumes of tropical birds and studded with shining plates of gold and silver, the monarch’s attire was much richer than on the proceeding evening. Round his neck was suspended a collar of emeralds of uncommon size and brilliancy. His short hair was decorated with golden ornaments, and the imperial borla (silk diadem) encircled his temples. The bearing of the Inca was sedate and dignified; and from his lofty station he looked down on the multitudes below with an air of composure, like one accustomed to command.[...] Pizarro saw that the hour had come. He waved a white scarf in the air, the appointed signal. The fatal gun was fired from the fortress. Then, springing into the square, the Spanish captain and his followers shouted the old war-cry of “St. Jago” at them. It was answered by the battle-cry of every Spaniard in the city, as, rushing from the avenues of the great halls in which they were concealed, they poured into the plaza, horse and foot, each in his own dark column, and threw themselves into the midst of the Indian crowd. The latter, taken by surprise, stunned by the report of artillery and muskets, the echoes of which reverberated like thunder from the surrounding building, and blinded by the smoke which rolled in sulphurous volumes along the square, were seized with a panic. They knew not whether to fly for refuge from the coming ruin. Nobles and commoners – all were trampled down under the fierce charge of the cavalry, who dealt their blows, right and left without sparing, while their swords, flashing through the thick gloom, carried dismay into the hearts of the wretched natives, who now for the first time saw the horse and his rider in all their terrors. They made no resistance, as, indeed, they had no weaponswithwhichtomakeit.Everyavenuetoescapewasclosed,forthe entrance to the square was choked up with the dead bodies of men who hadperishedinvaineffortstofly;andsuchwastheagonyofthesurvivors undertheterriblepressureoftheassailantsthatalargebodyofIndians,by their convulsive struggles, burst through the wall of stone and dried clay which formed part of the boundary of the plaza! It fell, leaving anopening of more than a hundred paces, through which multitudes now found their way into the country, still hotly pursued by the cavalry, who, leaping the fallen rubbish, hung on the rear of the fugitives striking them down in all directions. Meanwhile the fight, or rather massacre, continued both around the Inca, whose person was the great object of the assault. [...] The Indian monarch, stunned and bewildered, saw his faithful subjects falling around him without fully comprehending his situation. The litter on which he rode heaved to and fro, as the mighty press swayed backwards and forwards [...]. But Pizarro, who was nearest the monarch, called out, with stentorian voice, "Let no one who values his life strike at the Inca", and, stretching out his arm to shield him, received a wound on the hand from one of his own men – the only wound received by a Spaniard in the action. The struggle now became fiercer than ever round the royal litter. It reeled more and more, and at length ... it was overturned. The Indian prince would have come with violence to the ground had not his fall been broken by the efforts of Pizzaro and some of the cavaliers, who caught him in their arms. The imperial borla was instantly snatched from his temples by a soldier named Estate, and the unhappy monarch, strongly secured, was removed to a neighboring building, where he was carefullyguarded. All attempt at resistance now ceased. The fate of the Inca soon spread over town and country. The charm which might have held the Peruvians together was dissolved. Every man thought only of his own safety. Prescott, W. H. (2007). History of the Conquest of Peru. New York: Cosimo Classics. ISupplythemissingformsofthefollowingwords(iftheformexists):
IIMatch the words on the left with the synonymous words or explanationsontherightandusetheminthesentencesbelow.
1.Should we trust the country that attackedusso? 2.Theapproach, however, appears to have paidoff. 3.The elegant square wasshadedbypalms. 4.He looked up atherin. 5.They were dressed intheirfinest. IIIExplainandillustratethedifferentmeaningsofthefollowingwords:litter 1. 2. process /procession 1. 2. IVUse the correctpreposition.•tostumblethe richempire •toshoutsomebody •tobeaccustomedcommand •topourtheplaza •tobetakensurprise •tobeblindedthesmoke •tobe seizedpanic •vain •length •an attemptresistance •shortduration 176| ENGLISHAQUESTTHROUGHHISTORYANDANTHROPOLOGY VMatch words from columns A and B to formcollocations.A B vast voice inestimable guarded immediate struggles massive charge fierce pressure thick gold convulsive gloom terrible pursued hotly comprehend stentorian profit fully attendance carefully value VIFill in the main forms of the followingverbs:
VIIDescribethesceneoftheconflictbyusingasmanysensory details as possible. First fill thechart. Subject: the scene of the conflict
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| 4 | Text 1 to summarize | Unsealing of Vatican archives will finally reveal truth about ‘Hitler’s pope’ Historians can now pore over secret files from the papacy of Pius XII, who has long faced accusations of being a Nazi sympathiser New light will be shed on one of the most controversial periods of Vatican history on Monday when the archives on Pope Pius XII – accused by critics of being a Nazi sympathiser – are unsealed. A year after Pope Francis announced the move, saying “the church isn’t afraid of history”, the documents from Pius XII’s papacy, which began in 1939 on the brink of the second world war and ended in 1958, will be opened, initially to a small number of scholars. Critics of Pius XII have accused him of remaining silent during the Holocaust, never publicly condemning the persecution and genocide of Jews and others. His defenders say that he quietly encouraged convents and other Catholic institutions to hide thousands of Jews, and that public criticism of the Nazis would have risked the lives of priests and nuns. “The opening of the archives is decisive for the contemporary history of the church and the world,” said Cardinal José Tolentino Calaça de Mendonça, the Vatican’s archivist and librarian last week. Bishop Sergio Pagano, the prefect of the Vatican Apostolic Archive, said scholars would have to make a “historical judgment”. He added: “The good [that Pius did] was so great that it will dwarf the few shadows.” Evaluating the millions of pages in the archives would take several years, he said. More than 150 people have applied to access the archives, although only 60 can be accommodated in the offices at one time. Among the first to view the documents will be representatives of the Jewish community in Rome, and scholars from Yad Vashem, Israel’s Holocaust museum, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. David Kertzer, an American expert on the relationship between the Catholic church and fascism, who will begin examining the papers this week, said there were “signs of nervousness” at the Vatican about what would emerge from the archives. The Vatican archives would provide an “immense amount of fresh material from many millions of pages”, he told the Observer. “On the big question, it’s clear: Pius XII never publicly criticised the Nazis for the mass murder they were committing of the Jews of Europe – and he knew from the very beginning that mass murder was taking place. Various clerics and others were pressing him to speak out, and he declined to do so. “Although there is a lot of testimony showing that the church did protect Jews in Rome, when more than 1,000 were rounded up on 16 October 1943 and held for two days adjacent to the Vatican [before deportation to the death camps], Pius decided not to publicly protest or even privately send a plea to Hitler not to send them to their deaths in Auschwitz. Hopefully, what we’ll find from these archives is why he did what he did, and what discussions were going on behind the walls of the Vatican.” Mary Vincent, professor of modern European history at Sheffield University, said that much of the criticism of Pius Xll lacked nuance. “He was a careful, austere and quite unlikable man, trying to steer a path through almost impossible circumstances. He had clear views about what he saw as the threat of Soviet communism, and his view of Italian fascism was quite a bit softer. But categorising him as good or bad is not helpful – it’s about the decisions he took, and the space he had to make those decisions.” Pius – whose birth name was Eugenio Pacelli – was Vatican secretary of state under his predecessor, Pope Pius XI, and a former papal nuncio, or envoy, to Germany. In 1933, he negotiated a concordat between the Catholic church and Germany. After he was elected pope, six months before the outbreak of war, the Vatican maintained diplomatic relations with the Third Reich, and the new pontiff declined to condemn the Nazi invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. In December 1942, Pius XII spoke out in general terms about the suffering of the Jews, although he had known for several months about the Nazi extermination plans. In 1943, he wrote to the bishop of Berlin, arguing that the church could not publicly condemn the Holocaust for fear of causing “greater evils”. Hitler’s Pope, a controversial biography of Pius XII by British author John Cornwell, published in 1999, claimed the pope was an antisemite who “failed to be gripped with moral outrage by the plight of the Jews”. He was also narcissistic and determined to protect and advance the power of the papacy, the book argued. Pius XII was “the ideal pope for Hitler’s unspeakable plan. He was Hitler’s pawn. He was Hitler’s Pope.” Cornwell’s claims were challenged by some scholars and authors. He later conceded that Pius XII had “so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war”, although the pontiff had never explained his stance. In 2012, Yad Vashem changed the wording on an exhibit on Pius XII’s papacy, from he “did not intervene” to he “did not publicly protest”. The new text acknowledged different assessments of the pope’s position and Yad Vashem said it “look[ed] forward to the day when the Vatican archives will be open to researchers so that a clearer understanding of the events can be arrived at”. Pope Benedict, Francis’s predecessor, declared in 2009 that Pius XII had lived a life of “heroic” Christian virtue, a step towards possible sainthood. But in 2014, Francis said no miracle – a prerequisite for beatification, the final step to canonisation – had been identified. “If there are no miracles, it can’t go forward. It’s blocked there,” Francis said after visiting Yad Vashem. Last year, Francis said Pius XII had led the church during one of the “saddest and darkest periods of the 20th century”. He added that he was confident that “serious and objective historical research will allow the evaluation [of Pius] in the correct light,” including “appropriate criticism”. | 0 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Text 2 to summarize | Chinese Village Struggles to Save Dying Language
In their village in northeastern China, Meng Shujing, 82, standing at left, and her friends and neighbors are among the last native speakers of Manchu, the dying language of the former Qing dynasty, Chinese linguists say.Credit...Lionel Derimais for The International Herald Tribune By David Lague · March 18, 2007 SANJIAZI, China — Seated cross-legged in her farmhouse on the kang, a brick sleeping platform warmed by a fire below, Meng Shujing lifted her chin and sang a lullaby in Manchu, softly but clearly. After several verses, Ms. Meng, a 82-year-old widow, stopped, her eyes shining. “Baby, please fall asleep quickly,” she said, translating a few lines of the song into Chinese. “Once you fall asleep, Mama can go to work. I need to set the fire, cook and feed the pigs.” “If you sing like this, a baby gets sleepy right away,” she said. She also knows that most experts believe the day is approaching when no child will doze off to the sound of the song’s comforting words. Ms. Meng is one of 18 residents of this isolated village in northeastern China, all over 80 years old, who, according to Chinese linguists and historians, are the last native speakers of Manchu. Descendants of seminomadic tribesmen who conquered China in the 17th century, they are the last living link to a language that for more than two and a half centuries was the official voice of the Qing dynasty, the final imperial house to rule from Beijing and one of the richest and most powerful empires the world has known. With the passing of these villagers, Manchu will also die, experts say. All that will be left will be millions of documents and files — about 60 tons of Manchu-language documents are in the provincial archive in Harbin alone — along with inscriptions on monuments and important buildings in China, unintelligible to all but a handful of specialists. “I think it is inevitable,” said Zhao Jinchun, an ethnic Manchu born in Sanjiazi who taught at the village primary school for more than two decades before becoming a government official in Qiqihar, a city about 30 miles to the south. “It is just a matter of time. The Manchu language will face the same fate as some other ethnic minority languages in China and be overwhelmed by the Chinese language and culture.” The disappearance of Manchu will be part of a mass extinction of languages that some experts forecast will lead to the loss of half of the world’s 6,800 languages by the end of the century. Few of these threatened languages have declined so rapidly, from such prominence, as Manchu. Image Meng Shujing, 82, left, her grandson, Shi Junguang, 30, and his son, Shi Yaobin, 5, try to keep the Manchu language alive in northeastern China.Credit...Lionel Derimais for The International Herald Tribune Indistinguishable by appearance, the Manchus have since melded into the general population. About 10 million Chinese citizens now describe themselves as ethnic Manchus. Most live in what are now the northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, although substantial numbers also live in Beijing and other northern cities. For generations, the vast majority have spoken Chinese as their first language. Manchu survived only in small, isolated pockets like Sanjiazi, where, until a few decades ago, nearly all the residents were ethnic Manchus. Even now, about three-quarters of Sanjiazi’s 1,054 residents are ethnic Manchus but the use of Chinese has spread sharply in recent decades as roads and modern communications have increasingly exposed them to the outside world. Only villagers of Ms. Meng’s generation prefer to speak Manchu. “We are still speaking it, we are still using it,” said Ms. Meng, a cheerful woman with thick gray hair pulled back in a neat bun. “If the other person can’t speak Manchu, then I’ll speak Chinese.” But she disputes the findings of visiting linguists that 18 villagers are left who can still speak fluently. By her standards, only five or six of her neighbors fit that description. Mr. Zhao, 53, estimates that 50 people in the village have a working grasp of the language. “My generation can still communicate in Manchu,” he said, although he acknowledged that most villagers now speak Chinese almost all the time at home. Ms. Meng’s 30-year-old grandson, Shi Junguang, has studied hard to improve his Manchu and teaches speaking and writing to the 76 pupils, aged 7 to 12, at the village school. This is the only primary school in China that offers classes in Manchu, officials from the local ethnic affairs office said. These lessons, shared with one other teacher, take only a small proportion of classroom time, but are popular with students, say school staff members and other village residents. “Because they are Manchus, they are interested in these classes,” Mr. Shi said. He is also teaching basic conversation phrases to his 5-year-old son, Shi Yaobin, and encourages him to speak with his great-grandmother. “It would be a great blow for us if we lose our language,” he said. But most experts agree that attempts to preserve Manchu are futile with so few people left to speak it. “The spoken Manchu language is now a living fossil,” said Zhao Aping, an ethnic Manchu and an expert on Manchu language and history at Heilongjiang University in the provincial capital, Harbin. “Although we are expending a lot of energy on preserving the language and culture, it is very difficult. The environment is not right,” he added. Despite the predictions that it is now only a matter of time before Manchu falls silent, in Sanjiazi, Ms. Meng clings to hope. | 0 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | Homework for week 6 | Read parts 4 and 5 of Harari`s text and summarize them in a few sentences. each. | 0 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
